Method for removing a SMP apparatus from a cured composite part

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for removing a SMP apparatus from within a cured composite part. The method may comprise the steps of triggering the SMP apparatus from a rigid state to a malleable state, inducing a pressure differential that drives the SMP apparatus, in the malleable state, away from the cured composite part and toward an inner mandrel tool, and removing the inner mandrel tool with the SMP apparatus resting thereon out of the cured composite part. The inner mandrel tool may comprise an outer surface having varying contours such that a surface area of the outer surface is great enough to prevent the SMP apparatus from folding over onto itself or creasing when driven toward the inner mandrel tool. A maximum straight line distance between points on the outer surface may be small enough to allow the inner mandrel tool clearance for removal from the cured composite part.

RELATED APPPLICATIONS

This non-provisional patent application claims priority benefit toearlier-filed U.S. provisional patent application titled “Bladder StyleReconfigurable Tooling” Ser. No. 61/412,635, filed Nov. 11, 2010, herebyincorporated in its entirety by reference into the present application.The present application also claims priority benefit to earlier-filedU.S. provisional patent application titled “Bladder Style ReconfigurableTooling” Ser. No. 61/425,435, filed Dec. 21, 2010, hereby incorporatedin its entirety by reference into the present application. Additionally,this application claims priority benefit to earlier-filed U.S.provisional patent application titled “Methods and Systems forFabricating Composite Parts with SMP Mandrels/Bladders” Ser. No.61/486,539, filed May 16, 2011, hereby incorporated in its entirety byreference into the present application.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The present invention relates to systems and methods for using areusable apparatus made of shape memory polymer (SMP) to fabricatecomposite parts.

2. Related Art

Composite parts, such as those used in the manufacture of aircraft, canbe constructed using various production methods, such as filamentwinding, tape placement, overbraid, chop fiber roving, coating, hand layup, or other composite processing techniques and curing processes. Mostof these processes use a rigid cure tool/mandrel on which compositematerial is applied and then cured into a rigid composite part. Removingthe rigid cure tool or mandrel from the cured composite part isgenerally difficult, costly, and/or time-consuming, particularly if theresulting composite part has trapping geometry that precludes easy partremoval. One known method of removing the mandrel requires sacrificingor destroying the mandrel by cutting, dissolving, bead-blasting, orotherwise breaking down the mandrel into smaller pieces which can beremoved from within the composite part. Destroying the mandrel obviouslyprevents it from being used again for subsequent parts and can bedamaging to an inner surface of the composite part.

Another method uses a segmented mandrel that can be disassembled andremoved after the composite part is cured. However, these mandrels areexpensive and require a great amount of time to install and remove.Furthermore, these segmented mandrels are typically each designed tofabricate a specific composite part and are not easily reconfigured tobe used in the manufacture of other composite parts.

Yet another method uses inflatable mandrels that can be removed bydeflating them after the composite part is cured. However, this methodtypically involves balloon-like mandrels that can only be used as abagging aid due to their relative lack of strength and rigidity duringcomposite lay-up.

Another alternative method involves a silicon-coated foam tooling ormandrel. This foam tooling may be covered with a silicon bag and thenwrapped with uncured composite material. During cure, the silicon bag isinflated and the foam tooling melts. After cure, the silicon bag may beremoved and reused. However, the foam tooling is not reusable, so a newfoam tooling must be machined out of new foam each cure cycle.

Accordingly, there is a need for improved methods of fabricatingcomposite parts.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the present invention provide methods of fabricatingcomposite parts using shape memory polymer (SMP) apparatuses. Oneexemplary method may comprise applying composite material to at least aportion of an SMP apparatus, triggering a change in modulus of the SMPapparatus from a rigid state to a malleable state, heating the compositematerial to a composite material cure temperature, and inducing apressure differential that drives the SMP apparatus, in its malleablestate, toward the composite material before and/or during cure tocompress the composite material against a rigid mold. The change inmodulus may be triggered by applying at least one of temperature change,an electric current, water, and light to the SMP apparatus. Once thecure is complete, pressure may be released and the SMP apparatus may beremoved from within the resulting cured composite part.

Another exemplary method of fabricating a composite part may comprisethe steps of applying composite material onto at least a portion of aSMP apparatus, placing the composite material and SMP apparatus into acavity within a rigid molding tool, such that at least a portion of thecomposite material rests against the rigid molding tool, placing animpermeable sheet of material over the composite material and SMPapparatus, and sealing the impermeable sheet of material to the rigidmolding tool and/or the SMP apparatus. Next, this method may compriseheating the composite material to a composite material cure temperature,triggering the SMP apparatus to change in modulus from a rigid state toa malleable state, and inducing a pressure differential sufficient todrive the impermeable sheet of material and the SMP apparatus, in themalleable state, toward the composite material, thereby compressing atleast a portion of the composite material against the rigid mold beforeand during curing of the composite material into the composite part.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a method offabricating a composite part with integrated stiffeners may comprise thesteps of triggering a SMP apparatus to a malleable state, shaping an SMPapparatus in the malleable state to correspond with a desiredconfiguration of a first surface of the composite part to be fabricated,including shaping the SMP apparatus to have one or more cavitiesconfigured for placement of stiffeners therein, triggering the SMPapparatus to a rigid state, placing the stiffeners into the cavities,applying composite material onto the SMP apparatus and exposed surfacesof the stiffeners resting within the cavities, and co-curing orco-bonding the stiffeners with the composite material on the SMPapparatus via pressure and heat to fabricate the composite part.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a method of removing aSMP apparatus from within a cured composite part may comprise the stepsof triggering the SMP apparatus from a rigid state to a malleable state,inducing a pressure differential that drives the SMP apparatus, in themalleable state, away from the cured composite part and toward an innermandrel tool, and removing the inner mandrel tool with the SMP apparatusresting thereon out of the cured composite part. The inner mandrel toolmay comprise an outer surface having varying contours such that asurface area of the outer surface is great enough to prevent the SMPapparatus from folding over onto itself or creasing when driven towardthe inner mandrel tool. A maximum straight line distance between pointson the outer surface may be small enough to allow the inner mandrel toolclearance for removal from the cured composite part.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, a method offabricating a composite part with integrated stiffeners may comprise thesteps of shaping or casting a SMP apparatus to correspond with a desiredconfiguration of a first surface of the composite part to be formed,shaping or casting the SMP apparatus to include one or more cavitiesconfigured for placement of the stiffeners therein, placing thestiffeners into the cavities, applying composite material onto the SMPapparatus and exposed surfaces of the stiffeners resting within thecavities and co-curing or co-bonding the stiffeners with the compositematerial on the SMP apparatus via pressure and heat to fabricate thecomposite part. In this embodiment of the invention, the SMP apparatusmay remain in a rigid state throughout the co-curing or co-bonding ofthe stiffeners with the composite material.

This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form that are further described below in the detaileddescription. This summary is not intended to identify key features oressential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended tobe used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. Other aspectsand advantages of the present invention will be apparent from thefollowing detailed description of the preferred embodiments and theaccompanying drawing figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES

Embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below withreference to the attached drawing figures, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an SMP apparatus constructed inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention and shown used asa mandrel with composite material placed thereon;

FIG. 2 is a vertical cross-sectional elevation view of the SMP apparatusof FIG. 1, with the SMP apparatus inflated outward to act as a bladder,pressing the composite material thereon toward an external mold;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of another embodiment of an SMP apparatusin a rigid, inflated state;

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an inner mandrel tool constructed inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective view of the SMP apparatus of FIG. 3after it is slid over the inner mandrel tool illustrated in FIG. 4 andis heated to contract against the inner mandrel tool, and alsoillustrates end seals configured to seal the SMP apparatus to the innermandrel tool at each end thereof;

FIG. 6 a is a perspective view of internal stiffeners constructedaccording to embodiments of the present invention and configured to beco-bonded or co-cured to a composite part;

FIG. 6 b is a fragmentary perspective view of a dummy skin and dummystiffeners constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention to assist in forming the SMP apparatus of FIG. 5 into adesired rigid tool configuration;

FIG. 7 is a fragmentary perspective view of the dummy skin and dummystiffeners of FIG. 6, further illustrating reinforcement inserts placedover and onto the dummy stiffeners;

FIG. 8 is an exploded perspective view of the inner mandrel tool of FIG.5 placed into a rigid external tool constructed in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the SMP apparatus of FIG. 5 in thedesired rigid tool configuration with the dummy internal stiffenersresting in cavities formed therein;

FIG. 10 a is a perspective view of the SMP apparatus of FIG. 9 in thedesired rigid tool configuration with the internal stiffeners removedfrom the cavities formed therein;

FIG. 10 b is a perspective view of the SMP apparatus of FIG. 5 in thedesired rigid tool configuration with the internal stiffeners of FIG. 6a resting in the cavities formed therein;

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the SMP apparatus of FIG. 9 withcomposite material applied thereon and around the internal stiffeners;

FIG. 12 is a fragmentary perspective view of the SMP apparatus and thecomposite material of FIG. 11 after the composite material is cured,illustrating space between the SMP apparatus and the cured compositematerial once the SMP apparatus is heated and contracted back toward theinner mandrel tool;

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of the composite material of FIG. 12 andthe internal stiffeners of FIG. 6 co-cured or co-bonded together into arigid fuselage, with the inner mandrel tool, the rigid external tool,and the SMP apparatus removed therefrom;

FIG. 14 is a flow chart of a method for forming the SMP apparatus into adesired rigid tool configuration in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 15 is a flow chart of a method for fabricating a fuselage using theSMP apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 16 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of a J-stringer beingformed between two SMP apparatuses and a rigid molding tool, eachconstructed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;and

FIG. 17 is a flow chart of a method for fabricating a compositestiffener using the SMP apparatus in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention.

The drawing figures do not limit the present invention to the specificembodiments disclosed and described herein. The drawings are notnecessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearlyillustrating the principles of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description of the invention references theaccompanying drawings that illustrate specific embodiments in which theinvention can be practiced. The embodiments are intended to describeaspects of the invention in sufficient detail to enable those skilled inthe art to practice the invention. Other embodiments can be utilized andchanges can be made without departing from the scope of the presentinvention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to betaken in a limiting sense. The scope of the present invention is definedonly by the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents towhich such claims are entitled.

In this description, references to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, or“embodiments” mean that the feature or features being referred to areincluded in at least one embodiment of the technology. Separatereferences to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, or “embodiments” inthis description do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment and arealso not mutually exclusive unless so stated and/or except as will bereadily apparent to those skilled in the art from the description. Forexample, a feature, structure, act, etc. described in one embodiment mayalso be included in other embodiments, but is not necessarily included.Thus, the present technology can include a variety of combinationsand/or integrations of the embodiments described herein.

Making Composite Parts with an SMP Apparatus

One embodiment of the present invention is a method for making compositeparts. This embodiment of the invention may be implemented with a shapememory polymer (SMP) apparatus 12, as best shown in FIGS. 1-2, and/or arigid external tool 28, as later described herein and illustrated inFIG. 2. The SMP apparatus 12 may be used as both a mandrel or rigidtooling for applying composite material 14 thereon, as illustrated inFIG. 1, and a bladder for providing outward pressure to the compositematerial 14 during a cure of the composite material 14 into a hardenedcomposite part, as illustrated in FIG. 2.

The SMP apparatus 12 may be formed of SMP material cast into any memoryshape. For example, the SMP apparatus 12 may be cast into an elongatedand/or hollow configuration having one or more open ends using anymethod known in the art, such as methods of forming an SMP cylinderdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,422,714, incorporated by reference hereinin its entirety. For example, the SMP apparatus 12 may be a pre-formedSMP cylinder or barrel open at two opposing ends. Alternatively, the SMPapparatus 12 may have any cross-sectional shape, such as a trapezoid,rectangle, square, or triangle, or may be cast into a non-hollowconfiguration. The cast shape of the SMP apparatus is referred to hereinas its memory shape.

The SMP material used to form the SMP apparatus 12 may be reinforced orunreinforced SMP material. Specifically, the SMP material used to formthe SMP apparatus 12 may be an epoxy, an epoxy-based SMP, a styrenecopolymer based SMP or any other type or combination of SMPs, such ascyanate ester, polyurethane, polyethylene homopolymer,styrene-butadiene, polyisoprene, copolymers of stearyl acrylate andacrylic acid or methyl acrylate, norbonene ordimethaneoctahydronapthalene homopolymers or copolymers, and malemide.For example, the SMP material used in the SMP apparatus 12 may be any ofthe SMPs described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,422,714, 6,986,855, 7,276,195,U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2008/0021188, 2008/0021166,and/or 2008/0269420, all of which are incorporated herein in theirentireties by reference. However, numerous other types of SMPs exist andcan be tailored to meet specific tolerances and temperaturerequirements.

The modulus of various SMP materials can be changed through severaldifferent methods, such as a temperature change, an electric current,water, and/or light. However, the exemplary methods described hereindisclose the use of temperature changes to transform the SMP apparatus12 from a malleable state to a rigid state and vice versa. Nevertheless,any of the above-listed triggers for changing the modulus of the SMPmaterial of the SMP apparatus 12 may be used for the composite partfabrication methods described herein without departing from the scope ofthe invention.

A glass transition temperature (T_(g)) of an SMP material is definedherein as a threshold temperature at and/or above which that SMPmaterial begins to transition to a lower modulus state, becoming softand/or malleable in order to be deformed. Therefore, the SMP apparatus12 of the present invention may be configured to begin to becomeflexible and formable when it is heated above its T_(g)and to becomerigid when cooled to a temperature below its T_(g). If the SMP apparatus12 is deformed at a temperature above T_(g) and then held in thatdeformed state as its temperature drops below T_(g), then the SMPapparatus 12 hardens in that deformed state. When heated again, the SMPapparatus 12 may generally return to its originally-cast memory shapeunless otherwise acted on by another force. While the modulus change ofthe SMP apparatus 12 may begin at T_(g), there may be a range oftransition temperatures through which the SMP apparatus 12 may becomeincreasingly malleable.

The SMP apparatus 12 may be made of an SMP material having any T_(g)appropriate for the uses and methods described herein. In someembodiments of the invention, T_(g) may be equal to or less than thecuring temperature for the composite material 14, such that the SMPapparatus 12 may be used as an expandable bladder during curing of thecomposite part. In other embodiments of the invention, T_(g) may begreater than the curing temperature for the composite material 14 suchthat the SMP apparatus 12 remains rigid during cure of the compositepart.

While the SMP apparatus 12 may be designed to have any T_(g), in someexample embodiments of the invention, T_(g) may be a temperature between100° F. and 700° F. Specifically, T_(g) may be a temperature between100° F. and 200° F., 200° F. and 300° F., or between 300° F. and 400° F.More specifically, T_(g) may be a temperature between 125° F. and 175°F., 250° F. and 300° F., or 350° F. and 400° F. In one embodiment of theinvention, T_(g) of the SMP apparatus 12 may be approximately equal to143° F., 275° F., or 375° F. The SMP apparatus 12 may becomeincreasingly malleable when heated through a transition range oftemperatures beginning at or centered around T_(g) and may graduallyharden to its rigid state when cooled through the transition range oftemperatures to a temperature at or below T_(g).

The rigid external tool 28 may have any shape or configuration desiredfor fabricating the composite part. In some embodiments of theinvention, the rigid external tool 28 may have a hollow space into whichthe SMP apparatus 12 and the composite material 14 may be placed. Forexample, the rigid external tool 28 may be a barrel tool or a clamshelltool. The rigid external tool 28, as illustrated in FIG. 2, may form anouter surface of the composite part. In alternative embodiments of theinvention, the rigid external tool 28 may be replaced with any type ofmold shaped and configured for forming an inner or outer surface of acomposite part. In some embodiments of the invention, the rigid externaltool 28 may also be used to help shape or form the SMP apparatus 12.

For example, dummy skin 22, dummy internal stiffeners 23, and/orreinforcement inserts 26 may be placed in or attached to the rigidexternal tool 28, as described in detail below, to provide a desiredmold configuration for the SMP apparatus 12.

The composite material 14 placed on the SMP apparatus 12 to form thecomposite part may comprise or be in the form of low temperature resin,high temperature resin, toughened resin, prepreg, wet processed fiber,dry fiber, continuous fiber, discontinuous fiber, chopped fiber, glass,KEVLAR, carbon, and/or core. Core is defined herein as any offsetcomponent separating two layers of composite material.

For example, core may comprise foam, thermoplastic, honeycomb materials,aluminum, fiberglass phenolic, carbon, Nomex, etc. Core may also bereferred to as core panels, honeycomb core, or sandwich panel core.Furthermore, the chemical makeup of the composite material 14 mayinclude epoxy, BMI, benzoxazine, vinyl, acrylic, polyester, polyamide,phthalonitrile, and any other similar substances known in the art. Thecomposite material 14 may be placed onto the SMP apparatus 12 usingautomated fabric placement, automated fiber placement, automatedfilament winding, fabric placement, hand lay-up, or any other methodknown in the art. The composite material 14 may be configured to behardened or cured, such as in an autoclave, out of an autoclave, via alow-temperature cure process, and/or via a high-temperature cureprocess.

In use, the SMP apparatus 12 may be formed into a rigid toolconfiguration and then the composite material 14 may be applied thereon.For example, the SMP apparatus 12 may be shaped by one or more innermolds placed inside the SMP apparatus 12 and/or one or more outer molds(such as the rigid external tool 28) placed outside of the SMP apparatus12. The inner or outer molds may comprise any number of componentsintegrally formed or assembled together to provide a desired shape tothe SMP apparatus 12, such as the dummy skin 22, dummy internalstiffeners 23, and/or reinforcement inserts 26 placed into or onto therigid external tool 28 in any desired configuration. However, any methodof forming the SMP apparatus 12 may be used without departing from thescope of the invention.

In some embodiments of the invention, the SMP apparatus 12 may be sealedto the inner or outer molds, heated, and then pressed against the inneror outer molds. For example, the SMP apparatus 12 may be pressed againstthe molds by way of a pressure differential induced via inflation,vacuum, and/or any other method known in the art for urging the SMPapparatus 12 toward the mold. Specifically, the SMP apparatus 12 may beheated and inflated toward the outer mold into a configuration forforming an inner surface of a composite part. Once the SMP apparatus 12is cooled in the rigid tool configuration, as illustrated in FIG. 1, theSMP apparatus 12 may be removed from the inner or outer molds andcomposite material 14 may be placed onto the SMP apparatus 12 using anymethod known in the art, such as fiber placement. The SMP apparatus 12may be referred to herein as being in the “rigid tool configuration”after it is formed into the desired shape for the composite material 14to be applied thereto.

In some embodiments of the invention, cavities 40 may be formed into theSMP apparatus 12 so that components (such as internal stiffeners likecomposite frames, stringers, or cores) may be placed into the cavitiesto be co-bonded or co-cured to the composite material 14. Then thecomposite material 14 may be placed over and/or onto both the SMPapparatus 12 and the components to be co-bonded or co-cured thereto.These cavities 40 may hold components to be co-bonded or co-cured to thecomposite material 14 in place during application of the compositematerial 14 without the need for any mechanical attachments.Additionally or alternatively, various restraints may be used to keepthe internal stiffeners in place during application of the compositematerial 14. Then pressure via the SMP apparatus 12 may compress thesecomponents or internal stiffeners against the composite material duringcure, thus co-curing or co-bonding them together.

Additionally or alternatively, the size and shape of the SMP apparatus12 may be configured to allow thicker composite material 14 oradditional layers of composite material 14 to be applied thereon atselect locations. For example, the SMP apparatus 12 may have a portionwith a smaller cross-sectional area and a portion with a largercross-sectional area. The portion of the SMP apparatus 12 with thesmaller cross-sectional area may allow for a greater amount of compositematerial 14 to be applied thereon. In general, the SMP apparatus 12 maybe shaped and configured to provide enough clearance or offset betweenthe SMP apparatus 12 and the rigid external tool 28 so that a desiredthickness of composite material 14 and/or the internal stiffeners canfit within said offset.

Once the composite material is applied, the SMP apparatus 12 and thecomposite material 14 may have heat and pressure applied thereto inorder to cure the composite material 14 and/or to co-cure or co-bondother components or internal stiffeners to the composite material 14.Additionally, the heat may also be used to change the modulus of the SMPapparatus 12. For example, the SMP apparatus 12 and the compositematerial 14 may be placed in the hollow space of the rigid external tool28 and heated and pressurized as required for curing the compositematerial 14. In some embodiments, the heat used during this curingprocess may be greater than T_(g) of the SMP apparatus 12, causing theSMP apparatus 12 to convert to its malleable state, and a pressuredifferential applied from within and/or without the SMP apparatus 12(e.g., via autoclave) may cause the SMP apparatus 12 to be urged towardthe rigid external tool 28. Specifically, the heat may transform the SMPapparatus 12 from the rigid tool configuration into a bladderconfiguration in which the SMP apparatus 12 becomes flexible andinflatable, acting as an internal bladder to compress the compositematerial 12 against the rigid external tool 28, as illustrated in FIG.2. Additionally, in some embodiments of the invention, a small pressuredifferential or pressurization may be applied to the SMP apparatus 12until its temperature exceeds T_(g), at which point the pressure may bestepped up to the full amount of desired pressure.

The SMP apparatus 12 may therefore be used to press the compositematerial 14 against the rigid external tool 28 or any alternative rigidmold surface. The pressure differential, as described herein, can beinduced using a variety of methods, with the SMP apparatus 12 sealed inan air-tight manner to one of the rigid tools or molds described herein,such that the SMP apparatus 12 inflates toward the composite materialand/or is drawn against the composite material 14 during cure. In someembodiments of the invention, the pressure differential is introducedvia autoclave.

Alternatively, in some embodiments of the invention, a vacuum bag orother impermeable sheet of material may be applied in such a manner tourge the SMP apparatus 12, in its malleable state, toward a rigidsurface to compress the composite material 14 between the SMP apparatus12 and the rigid surface. In this embodiment of the invention, thevacuum bag or other impermeable sheet of material may be sealed to oneof the rigid tools or molds described herein, such as the rigid externaltool 28. This may be particularly useful if the SMP apparatus 12 is notimpermeable, comprises any holes or tears therein, and/or can not besealed to another surface such that a pressure differential may beinduced between the SMP apparatus 12 and the surface to which it issealed. For example, the vacuum bag may be sealed to the rigid externaltool 28 and may be used to drive the SMP apparatus 12, in its malleablestate, in a desired direction by way of a pressure differential appliedto the vacuum bag.

As described above, the SMP apparatus 12 may be configured to experiencea change in modulus in response to triggers other than heat, such as anelectric current, water, and/or light. Therefore, in some embodiments ofthe invention, one of the other triggers may also be applied to the SMPapparatus 12 as the composite material 14 is being cured, so that theSMP apparatus 12 is malleable enough to inflate or otherwise compressthe composite material 14 against the rigid external tool 28.

Once the composite material 14 is cured, the pressure differential maybe substantially equalized while the temperature is maintained aboveT_(g), and then the SMP apparatus 12 in the flexible bladderconfiguration may be removed from within the cured composite part.Alternatively, once the composite material 14 is cured, a pressuredifferential sufficient to urge the SMP apparatus 12 away from the curedcomposite material may be induced. In some embodiments of the invention,the SMP apparatus 12 may contract back to its original or memory shape,allowing for easy removal of the SMP apparatus 12 from within theresulting composite part. In other embodiments of the invention, aslater described herein, an internal mandrel placed within the SMPapparatus 12 may be configured to draw the SMP apparatus 12 (still inits malleable state) away from the composite part. In some embodimentsof the invention, the SMP apparatus 12 may be urged away from the curedcomposite part while still in the malleable state, then allowed to cooland/or become at least somewhat rigid or fully rigid again before beingremoved from within the cured composite part.

The SMP apparatus 12 may be used to form a variety of composite parts ofvarying geometries, such as composite parts with trapped geometries. Forexample, the composite parts may be aircraft fuselages, wings, nacelles,panels, ducts, and aircraft structural supports or stiffeners. Examplesof aircraft structural supports may include stringers, frames,trapezoidal hat-shaped stiffeners, bell-shaped stiffeners, inverted hatstiffeners, J-stiffeners, F-stiffeners, blade stiffeners, I-stiffeners,and C-stiffeners. Furthermore, the composite parts formed with the SMPapparatus 12 may include rotorcraft, pylons, thrust reversers, shrouds,inlets, winglets, wing tips, vertical and horizontal stabilizers,airframe structures, empennage, spars, ribs, tubular airframestructures, control surfaces, nose sections, fairings, flaps, ailerons,spoiler, slats, torque tubes, drive shafts, cowls, engine inlets,exhaust nozzles, exhaust cones, propellers, gearboxes, transmissionhousings, cuffs, rotor blades, fuel tanks, landing gear, landing gearwells, doors, subframes, longerons, wire trays, struts, brackets, framestabilizers, gunmounts, control pedestals, instrument consoles, etc.These composite parts may be formed using the SMP apparatus 12 by firstplacing the composite material 14 against at least a portion of the SMPapparatus 12 when the SMP apparatus 12 is in its rigid toolconfiguration. Then the composite material 14 may be compressed againstand/or by the SMP apparatus 12 in a rigid or malleable state duringcuring of the composite material 14 into the composite part. In someembodiments of the invention, more than one SMP apparatus 12 may be usedto fabricate the composite part, as later described herein. In someembodiments of the invention where a plurality of SMP apparatuses areused to form the composite part, the SMP apparatuses may be configuredto have different T_(g) temperatures or different triggers for changingthe modulus of the different SMP apparatuses, as described above.

Furthermore, internal stiffeners may be co-cured or co-bonded with anycomposite part, such as the composite parts listed above, using the SMPapparatus 12, as later described herein. The term co-curing is definedherein as simultaneously curing and bonding two uncured composite parts.The term co-bonding is defined herein as simultaneously curing oneuncured composite part while bonding the uncured composite part to ahardened part or a previously-cured composite part. Internal stiffenersmay include, for example, frames, stringers, or core, as defined above.The frames and stringers may be elongated structural stiffenersextending laterally and/or perpendicular relative to a length acomposite part. In some embodiments of the invention, the frames maycross the stringers in a grid-like configuration. Examples of somespecific types of frames and stringers may include trapezoidalhat-shaped stiffeners, bell-shaped stiffeners, inverted hat stiffeners,J-stiffeners, F-stiffeners, blade stiffeners, I-stiffeners, andC-stiffeners. Additionally, the SMP apparatus 12 may be used to form avariety of other composite parts, such as trailers, automotive ducts andmanifolds, hoses, tires, turbochargers, tanks, automobiles, racingvehicles, boats, yachts, bicycles, canoes, kayaks, paddles, sportinggoods, gun stocks, grips, crossbows and accessories, golf clubs andrelated components, fishing rods, guitars, pipes, poles, buildingsupplies, wind turbine blades, engine components, furniture, sail masts,electronic enclosures, armor, driveshafts, satellites, missiles, andspacecraft. These composite parts may be formed using methods similar toany of the methods described herein.

Fabricating a Fuselage with the SMP Apparatus

Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of fabricatingan aircraft fuselage 15 with integrated internal stiffeners 24, asillustrated in FIG. 13. The method of this embodiment may be implementedwith the SMP apparatus 12, as described above, along with an innermandrel tool 16, end seals 18,20, the dummy skin 22, the internalstiffeners 24, the reinforcement inserts 26, and the rigid external tool28, as best illustrated in FIGS. 2-12.

In this embodiment of the invention, the SMP apparatus 12, asillustrated in FIG. 3, may have the traits and characteristics describedabove in reference to the embodiment of the invention illustrated inFIGS. 1-2. Furthermore, the SMP apparatus 12 may have a barrel, bottle,funnel, cone, or cylinder shape as its cast memory shape. However, anyother cast memory shape may be used without departing from the scope ofthe invention. In some embodiments of the invention, the SMP apparatus12 may be received in an inflated state. Specifically, the SMP apparatus12 may have been previously heated and inflated to a larger diameterthan that of its memory shape and then cooled and hardened in thatinflated state. The SMP apparatus 12 may comprise one or two open ends.In some embodiments of the invention, the SMP apparatus 12 may beapproximately 1 inch to 35 ft in diameter and approximately 1 ft to 75ft in length. However, the SMP apparatus 12 may have any dimensionswithout departing from the scope of the invention.

The inner mandrel tool 16, as illustrated in FIG. 4, may be made of anyrigid, durable material which remains rigid throughout a composite curecycle. In some embodiments of the invention, the inner mandrel tool 16may be substantially cylindrical. Furthermore, the inner mandrel tool 16may be hollow, having a cylindrical wall 30 and two opposing ends 32,34that may comprise openings (not shown) to the hollow space within theinner mandrel tool 16.

In some embodiments of the invention, one or more inflation openings 36may be provided through the cylindrical wall 30 such that a compressedgas may be forced within the hollow inner mandrel tool 16, such as byway of airlines (not shown), thereby providing inflation force outwardfrom the inner mandrel tool 16. The inflation openings 36 may also beconfigured for suctioning the SMP apparatus 12 against the inner mandreltool 16 during various steps of fabricating the fuselage 15, asdescribed below.

In some embodiments of the invention, an outer surface of the innermandrel tool 16 may also comprise varying contours. For example, thevarying contours may include a number of protrusions 38 and/orindentions for use in recovery of the SMP apparatus 12 after cure of thecomposite part. Specifically, as illustrated in FIG. 4, an outer surfaceof the cylindrical wall 30 may comprise the protrusions 38 in the formof a plurality of ridges or ribs circumferentially or axially spaced andarranged substantially parallel with each other. Each of the ridges orribs may extend between the opposing ends 32,34 of the inner mandreltool 16 and may be shaped with a wavy or sinusoidal pattern extendingbetween the opposing ends 32,34 of the inner mandrel tool 16, asillustrated in FIG. 4. Additionally or alternatively, the protrusions 38may be one or more concentric rings formed around the inner mandrel tool16, or may have any other configuration. The protrusions 38 may beintegrally formed or otherwise attached to the inner mandrel tool 16.

The purpose of the varying contours or protrusions 38 may be tointroduce a greater amount of strain to the SMP apparatus 12 in asmaller cross-sectional area. Specifically, when the SMP apparatus 12 isurged by an induced pressure differential toward the inner mandrel tool16 to be removed from within a cured composite part, the varyingcontours or protrusions 38 prevent the SMP apparatus 12 from foldingover onto its self. For example, after its outward expansion duringcure, as later described herein, the SMP apparatus 12 may be stretchedout. The axial and/or hoop strain induced by the varying contours orprotrusions 38 may prevent the SMP apparatus 12 from folding over onitself or creasing and damaging the SMP material.

So essentially the varying contours, protrusions 38, and/or indentionsprovide a larger surface area for the SMP apparatus 12 to contactagainst without requiring an increase in size and/or cross-section ofthe inner mandrel tool 16. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4, ifthe radius of the inner mandrel tool 16 is “r”, and the length is “L”,then the equation for the surface area would normally be 2π*r*L.However, due to the protrusions 38 extending from the surface of theinner mandrel tool 16 in FIG. 4, the surface area of the inner mandreltool 16 in FIG. 4 is greater than 2π*r*L.

As illustrated in FIG. 5, the end seals 18,20 may be any end fittings,seals, and/or sealant configured for providing an airtight seal betweenthe SMP apparatus 12 and the inner mandrel tool 16 at or proximate tothe ends 32,34 of the SMP apparatus 12. For example, the end seals 18,20may be swage locks shaped and configured to attach to the ends 32,34 ofthe inner mandrel tool 16 over portions of the SMP apparatus 12proximate to the open ends of the SMP apparatus 12, thereby forming apressure vessel within the SMP apparatus 12. Due to the nature of theSMP material, heat may be required to form an adequate seal between theend seals 18,20, the SMP apparatus 12, and/or the inner mandrel tool 16.In some embodiments of the invention, the end seals 18,20 may besubstantially circular swage locks. Inflation pressure may be introducedby pumping compressed gas into the SMP apparatus 12 by way of one ormore airlines (not shown) fed through the end seals 18,20 in someembodiments of the invention. However, pressure applied to the SMPapparatus 12 may be provided through any openings in the end seals18,20, the inner mandrel tool 16, and/or the rigid external tool 28without departing from the scope of the invention. Note that in someembodiments of the invention, the end seals 18,20 may be omitted or mayrather be configured to additionally or alternatively seal the SMPapparatus 12 to the rigid external tool 28.

The dummy skin 22, as illustrated in FIGS. 6 b and 7, may be made fromany material and may have a thickness corresponding to a thickness ofthe uncured composite material 14 to be placed onto the SMP apparatus12. The dummy skin 22 may be made of composite material forms, metal,unreinforced plastics, or any material exhibiting good dimensionalstability under heat and pressure. For example, the dummy skin 22 may beformed of composite material, such as graphite fiber reinforced epoxycomposite laminate. The dummy skin 22 is configured to be placed withinthe rigid external tool 28, as later described herein, duringdeformation of the SMP apparatus 12 into the rigid tool configuration.In some embodiments of the invention, the dummy skin 22 may also includeor be integrally formed with the dummy internal stiffeners 23.

The dummy internal stiffeners 23, as illustrated in FIGS. 6 b and 7 maybe rigid structures sized and shaped substantially identical to theinternal stiffeners 24 and arranged on the dummy skin 22 to representthe cured or uncured internal stiffeners 24 during deformation of theSMP apparatus into the rigid tool configuration. The dummy internalstiffeners 23 may alternatively, be sized and shaped to represent boththe internal stiffeners and the reinforcement inserts 26 duringdeformation of the SMP apparatus 12 into the rigid tool configuration.

The internal stiffeners 24, as illustrated in FIGS. 6 a and 10 b, may beany sub-structure stiffeners configured to be co-bonded and/or co-curedto the composite material 14 of the fuselage or other composite part.The internal stiffeners 24 may be elongated structural components curvedto match a contour of an internal surface of the fuselage. The internalstiffeners 24 may comprise cured composite material or uncured compositematerial in the form of internal frame pieces, such as frames andstringers. The internal stiffeners 24 may be held in a desired shapedduring cure via the reinforcement inserts 26, as later described herein.Some examples of internal stiffeners 24 include, but are not limited totrapezoidal hat-shaped stiffeners, bell-shaped stiffeners, inverted hatstiffeners, J-stiffeners, F-stiffeners, blade stiffeners, I-stiffeners,C-stiffeners, core stiffeners, sandwich panel core, honeycomb core, andthe like. In some embodiments of the invention, the internal stiffeners24 may include approximately 8-inch tall frames & approximately 3-inchtall stringers. However, any dimensions may be used without departingfrom the scope of this invention.

In some embodiments of the invention, the frames may be configured tointersect with the stringers in a grid-like configuration within thefinished fuselage 15. For example, the stringers may be formed tooverlap the frames and/or the frames may be formed to overlap thestringers, as illustrated in FIG. 6 a. The overlapping of the internalstiffeners 24 may be accomplished by sizing and shaping the internalstiffeners 24 to fit together like puzzle pieces. The sameconfigurations may also be used for the dummy internal stiffeners 23, asillustrated in FIGS. 6 b, 7, 8, and 9.

The reinforcement inserts 26, as illustrated in FIG. 7, may be made of arigid material, such as a nickel steel alloy like INVAR, and may contactand/or mate with portions of the internal stiffeners 24 and/or the dummyinternal stiffeners 23 facing the SMP apparatus 12. The reinforcementinserts 26 may be configured to alleviate sharp corners and bends of theinternal stiffeners 24 and/or the dummy internal stiffeners 23 to betterfacilitate forming the SMP apparatus 12. Specifically, the reinforcementinserts 26 may be configured to mate with or rest within one or moreangles presented by one or more of the internal stiffeners 24 and/ordummy internal stiffeners 23. For example, if one of the internalstiffeners 24 or dummy internal stiffeners 23 presents a right angle,one of the reinforcement inserts 26 may have two surfaces meeting at aright angle and configured to mate with the right angle of that internalstiffener 24 or dummy internal stiffener 23. The reinforcement inserts26 may also have surfaces facing away from the internal stiffener 24 ordummy internal stiffener 23 that are substantially flat and/or presentmore gradual angles. For example, one or more of the reinforcementinserts 24 may have at least one chamfered or angled surface and/orrounded edges which may contact the SMP apparatus 12 as it is urgedoutward toward the rigid external tool 28, as later described herein.The reinforcement inserts 26 may also be curved, length-wise, tosubstantially match a curve of the internal stiffeners 24, the dummyinternal stiffeners 23, and/or the inner surface of the rigid externaltool 28.

The internal stiffeners 24 and/or the dummy internal stiffeners 23,along with the reinforcement inserts 26 may be configured to formcavities 40, such as grooves or channels, into the SMP apparatus 12, asillustrated in FIG. 10 and later described herein. In some embodimentsof the invention, the dummy internal stiffeners 23 and/or thereinforcement inserts 26 may be configured to form the cavities 40 intothe SMP apparatus 12, and may later be replaced with the internalstiffeners 24. For example, once the SMP apparatus 12 is in the rigidtool configuration, the dummy skin 22, dummy internal stiffeners 23,and/or reinforcement inserts 26 may be removed from the cavities 40 andreplaced with the uncured internal stiffeners 24, configured against thereinforcement inserts 26, to be co-cured within the fuselage 15.Alternatively, once the SMP apparatus 12 is in the rigid toolconfiguration, the dummy skin 22, dummy internal stiffeners 23, and/orreinforcement inserts 26 may be removed from the cavities 40 andreplaced with pre-cured internal stiffeners 24, configured against thereinforcement inserts 26 to be co-bonded with the fuselage 15.

In one example embodiment of the invention, as illustrated in FIGS. 6 a,6 b, and 7, the internal stiffeners 24 and/or the dummy internalstiffeners 23 may comprise J-stiffeners 42 supported on at least twosides by corresponding reinforcement inserts 26. Furthermore, theinternal stiffeners 24 and/or the dummy internal stiffeners 23 in thisexample embodiment may comprise frames 44 having a substantially“T”-shaped cross-section, with the frames 44 also each supported on atleast two sides by corresponding reinforcement inserts 26. Asillustrated in FIG. 7, the reinforcement inserts 26 and/or portions ofthe dummy internal stiffeners 23 may be held in place and held togetherby mechanical fasteners 46, such as splice straps and bolts. However,the internal stiffeners 24 and/or the dummy internal stiffeners 23 mayhave any known configurations and the reinforcement inserts 26 may be ofany shape and configuration to mate therewith.

The rigid external tool 28, as illustrated in FIG. 8, may be a rigidtool having an inner surface configured to form a shape of an outersurface of the fuselage 15. For example, the rigid external tool 28 maybe a clamshell tool, as illustrated in FIG. 2 or as illustrated in FIG.8, and may have two halves, including a lower clamshell and an upperclamshell. Together, the two halves may form a hollow cylindrical shapebounded by the inner surface of the rigid external tool 28. However, therigid external tool 28 may comprise any plurality of portions which,when joined together, may form an inner surface configured for formingthe shape of the outer surface of the fuselage 15.

In general, a method of fabricating the fuselage 15 may include thesteps of forming the SMP apparatus 12 into the rigid tool configurationwith the cavities 40 for the internal stiffeners 24, placing the curedor uncured internal stiffeners 24 and reinforcement inserts 26 into thecavities 40 in the SMP apparatus 12, placing the uncured compositematerial 14 onto the SMP apparatus 12, then placing that SMP apparatus12 and the uncured composite material 14 into the rigid external tool28. The method may next include the steps of curing the compositematerial 14 via pressure and heat while simultaneously inflating orotherwise expanding the SMP apparatus 12 to compress the compositematerial 14 against the rigid external tool 28 during the curingprocess, then, once the composite material 14 is cured, urging the SMPapparatus 12 to a reduced cross-section, and extracting the SMPapparatus 12 out from within the resulting fuselage. The internalstiffeners 24 are thereby co-bonded and/or co-cured with the compositefuselage, eliminating the need for mechanical fasteners to attach theinternal stiffeners 24 to the fuselage. The methods described herein forco-curing or co-bonding internal stiffeners 24 to the fuselage may alsobe used to co-cure or co-bond stiffeners or other components to anycomposite part known in the art, such as any of the various aircraftcomponents listed herein.

The flow chart of FIG. 14 depicts the steps of an exemplary method 1400for forming the SMP apparatus 12 into the rigid tool configuration usedto fabricate the fuselage 15. In some alternative implementations, thefunctions noted in the various blocks may occur out of the orderdepicted in FIG. 14. For example, two blocks shown in succession in FIG.14 may in fact be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks maysometimes be executed in the reverse order depending upon thefunctionality involved.

The method 1400 may comprise the steps of receiving the SMP apparatus 12in the inflated state, as illustrated in FIG. 3, or receiving the SMPapparatus 12 in its memory shape and then heating and inflating the SMPapparatus 12 into its inflated state, as depicted in block 1402. Thisexpansion of the SMP apparatus 12 may also be accomplished using variousother triggers to change the modulus of the SMP apparatus 12 and/orvarious other forces or techniques to expand the SMP apparatus 12 to thedesired size. The SMP apparatus 12 may then be large enough to be slidover the inner mandrel tool 16. Alternatively, the SMP apparatus 12 maybe cast with a memory shape large enough to fit over the inner mandreltool 16. The next step of method 1400 may be sliding the inner mandreltool 16 into the SMP apparatus 12 or sliding the SMP apparatus 12 ontothe inner mandrel tool 16, as depicted in block 1404. In yet anotheralternative embodiment of the invention, the SMP apparatus 12 may bereceived in a collapsed state and may already be conformed to the innermandrel tool 16 of FIG. 4.

Once the SMP apparatus 12 is positioned on the inner mandrel tool 16,the method 1400 may comprise heating the SMP apparatus 12 above T_(g) atwhich the SMP material becomes malleable and formable, as depicted inblock 1406. Above the T_(g) threshold temperature, the SMP apparatus 12may naturally contract back toward its original memory shape and size,causing the SMP apparatus 12 to contract around and form to the innermandrel tool 16, as illustrated in FIG. 5. Additionally oralternatively, vacuum may be applied from within the inner mandrel tool16, via the inflation openings, and may suction the heated, malleableSMP apparatus 12 against the inner mandrel tool 16. In some embodimentsof the invention, the inner mandrel tool 16 may have chamfered or angledportions 48 at each of the opposing ends 32,34 to which the SMPapparatus 12 may be conformed. Any excess material extending outwardbeyond the chamfered or angled portions 48 may need to be darted or cutoff.

The method 1400 may further comprise the step of applying the end seals18,20 to the SMP apparatus 12 and the inner mandrel tool 16, as depictedin block 1408, creating a pressure vessel between the inner mandrel tool16 and the SMP apparatus 12. Specifically, as the SMP apparatus 12contracts, end portions of the SMP apparatus 12 may be pressed inwardtoward the inner mandrel tool 16 and/or its chamfered or angled portions48 and locked thereto by the end seals 18,20, such as swage locks. Insome embodiments of the invention, the end seals 18,20 may mate with thechamfered or angled portions 48 of the inner mandrel tool 16,sandwiching portions of the SMP apparatus 12 between the end seals 18,20and the inner mandrel tool 16 to form an airtight seal. In somealternative embodiments of the invention, the step of applying the endseals 18,20 may be omitted or the SMP apparatus 12 may be sealed inother ways or to other surfaces to allow a pressure differential to acton the SMP apparatus 12.

The next step of method 1400 may comprise placing the dummy internalstiffeners 23 and/or reinforcement inserts 26 onto the dummy skin 22 ina configuration corresponding with desired locations of the internalstiffeners 24 within the fuselage, as depicted in block 1410 andillustrated in FIG. 7. The dummy skin 22, dummy internal stiffeners 23,and/or the reinforcement inserts 26 may be covered with a thin film orsome other substance to prevent them from sticking to each other and/orto the SMP apparatus 12. The method 1400 may then comprise placing thedummy skin 22 into the rigid external tool 28, as depicted in block1412. Specifically, the dummy skin 22 may be applied to the innersurface of the rigid external tool 28 in order to mimic or serve as aplace holder for the thickness of the composite material 14 which willlater be placed onto the SMP apparatus 12. This ensures that the SMPapparatus 12 with the composite material 14 applied thereon at a desiredthickness will still fit within the rigid external tool 28.

The reinforcement inserts 26 may be positioned onto the dummy skin 22resting on the rigid external tool 28 along with the dummy internalstiffeners 23, which may be shaped and configured to emulate the sizeand configuration of the cured or uncured internal stiffeners 24. Thedummy internal stiffeners 23 may later be removed from the cavities 40and replaced with the cured or uncured internal stiffeners 24. The curedor uncured internal stiffeners 24 along with the reinforcement inserts26 may then be placed into the grooves or cavities 40 to co-bond orco-cure the internal stiffeners 24 with the composite material 14fabricating the fuselage 15.

As noted above, the dummy internal stiffeners 23 may be omitted and/orreplaced with the internal stiffeners 24 in any of the steps describedherein in an uncured or cured state. For example, the internalstiffeners 24 and/or the reinforcement inserts may be used to form thecavities 40. In one embodiment of the invention, the internal stiffeners24 may be pre-cured and/or cured during shaping of the SMP apparatus 12and may later be co-bonded to the composite material 14 during its cure,thus fabricating the fuselage 15.

The method 1400 may further comprise the steps of placing the SMPapparatus 12, along with the inner mandrel tool 16, inside the rigidexternal tool 28, as depicted in block 1414 and illustrated in FIG. 8,and then heating and pressurizing the SMP apparatus 12, as depicted inblock 1416. The heat and pressure may force the SMP apparatus 12 toinflate and press against the dummy skin 22, dummy internal stiffeners23, internal stiffeners 24, and/or reinforcement inserts 26. Asmentioned above, the SMP apparatus 12 may be heated to or above T_(g) inorder to change the modulus of the SMP apparatus 12 to make it formableand expandable. However, other methods may also be used to change themodulus of the SMP apparatus 12, as described herein. Furthermore, inalternative embodiments of the invention, method steps 1410-1414 may bereplaced with a step of placing the SMP apparatus 12 inside any rigidouter mold shaped and configured to mimic an inner surface of thecomposite part being formed and comprising protrusions for forming thedesired cavities 40 into the SMP apparatus 12.

The pressure or pressure differential may be induced in a number ofways, such as via a forced compressed gas applied through the inflationopenings 36 of the inner mandrel tool 16, as illustrated in FIG. 4. Forexample, the pressure required to expand the SMP apparatus 12 may dependon the thickness and/or overall size of the SMP apparatus 12.Furthermore, the type of SMP material used and/or the design of the SMPapparatus 12 may also affect how easy or how difficult it is to strainthe SMP apparatus 12. In some embodiments of the invention, pressure ina range of 1-150 pound-force per square inch gauge (psig) or pressure ina narrower range of 30-90 psig may be applied to inflate the SMPapparatus 12. For example, approximately 45 psig may be applied withinthe SMP apparatus 12 to inflate the SMP apparatus 12. Furthermore, inany of the method steps described herein where the SMP apparatus 12 isheated and pressurized, a low pressure differential may be induced asheat is ramped up to or above T_(g) to prevent the SMP apparatus 12 fromcollapsing away from the composite material 14 as it starts to soften.Then, at some point after the SMP apparatus 12 exceeds T_(g), thepressure differential may be stepped up to the full desired amount. Forexample, a low pressure of approximately 5 to 10 psi may be appliedwithin the SMP apparatus 12 until enough heat has been applied to makethe SMP apparatus 12 sufficiently malleable, at which point the pressureapplied therein may be stepped up to the cure cycle pressure, such as30-90 psi.

Next, the method 1400 may comprise cooling the SMP apparatus 12 toharden it in the rigid tool configuration, as depicted in block 1418.The inflation pressure may continue to be applied as the temperature ofthe SMP apparatus 12 is cooled to a point below T_(g) such that the SMPapparatus is hardened in its inflated rigid tool configuration. The SMPapparatus 12 is thereby shaped according to the dummy skin 22, dummyinternal stiffeners 23, internal stiffeners 24, and/or reinforcementinserts 26, which form the cavities 40, cavities, or grooves into theSMP apparatus 12. As depicted in block 1420, the method 1400 may thencomprise removing the SMP apparatus 12 and inner mandrel tool 16 fromthe rigid external tool 28. The dummy skin 22 may also be removed fromthe SMP apparatus 12, as illustrated in FIG. 9. FIG. 10 a furtherillustrates the resulting SMP apparatus 12 in the rigid toolconfiguration after the dummy internal stiffeners 23 are removed,thereby revealing the cavities 40 formed by method 1400. FIG. 10 billustrates the resulting SMP apparatus 12 in the rigid toolconfiguration with the internal stiffeners 24 placed where the dummyinternal stiffeners 23 were located in FIG. 9.

The flow chart of FIG. 15 depicts the steps of an exemplary method 1500for fabricating the fuselage 15 using the SMP apparatus 12 in moredetail. In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in thevarious blocks may occur out of the order depicted in FIG. 15. Forexample, two blocks shown in succession in FIG. 15 may in fact beexecuted substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes beexecuted in the reverse order depending upon the functionality involved.

As illustrated in FIG. 15, the method 1500 may first include the step offorming the SMP apparatus 12 into the rigid tool configuration, asdepicted in block 1502 and in the method steps of FIG. 14. As notedabove, this step may require forming the cavities 40 in the SMPapparatus 12 in a configuration corresponding with desired locations ofthe internal stiffeners 24 within the finished fuselage 15. A variety ofmethods may be used to shape the SMP apparatus 12 into the desired rigidtool configuration with the cavities 40, cavities, or grooves formedtherein.

Once the SMP apparatus 12 is formed into the rigid tool configuration,the method 1500 of fabricating the fuselage 15 may include the step ofplacing the cured or uncured internal stiffeners 24 and reinforcementinserts 26 into the cavities in the SMP apparatus 12, as depicted inblock 1504 and illustrated in FIG. 10 b. However, in some embodiments ofthe invention, if the internal stiffeners 24 were already positioned onor between the reinforcement inserts 26 during the heating and formingof the SMP apparatus 12 into the rigid tool configuration, then theinternal stiffeners 24 and reinforcement inserts 26 may remain withinthe resulting cavities 40, cavities, or grooves which they created inthe SMP apparatus 12, and step 1504 may be omitted.

In some embodiments of the invention, the internal stiffeners 24 may beuncured material applied to and/or wrapped around one or more stiffenerSMP apparatuses, made of SMP material as described above for the SMPapparatus 12. In this way, both the internal stiffeners 24 and thecomposite part or fuselage 15 may be co-cured using SMP material.However, the SMP material used for the stiffener SMP apparatuses mayhave a different trigger and/or a different T_(g) than the SMP apparatus12 used to form the fuselage 15. That way either the stiffener SMPapparatuses or the SMP apparatus 12 for the fuselage 15 may remain rigidduring co-cure while the other of the stiffener SMP apparatuses and theSMP apparatus 12 is used as an internal bladder during co-cure.

Method 1500 may then comprise a step of applying a portion of theuncured composite material 14 onto the SMP apparatus 12, as depicted inblock 1506 and illustrated in FIG. 11. Specifically, the compositematerial 14 may be applied onto both the SMP apparatus 12 and theinternal stiffeners 24 resting in the cavities 40, such that at least aportion of the internal stiffeners 24 contact and may co-cure or co-bondto the composite material 14 of the fuselage 15, as later describedherein. The uncured composite material 14 may be placed onto the SMPapparatus 12 using any method known in the art, such as automated fabricplacement, automated fiber placement, automated filament winding, and/orhand lay-up. As mentioned above, the composite material 14 may compriseor be in the form of low temperature resin, high temperature resin,toughened resin, prepreg, wet processed fiber, dry fiber, continuousfiber, discontinuous fiber, chopped fiber, glass, KEVLAR, carbon, and/orcore. In some embodiments of the invention, a barrier and/or releaseagent may be placed between the SMP apparatus 12 and the compositematerial 14, such that they may be more easily separated after cure ofthe composite material 14. The barrier or release agent may be a film, aplastic, etc. The barrier or release agent may also, for example, have abondable side and a release side.

The method 1500 of fabricating the fuselage 15 may then comprise placingthe SMP apparatus 12 and the uncured composite material 14 into therigid external tool 28, as depicted in block 1508. Next, the method mayinclude the steps of curing the composite material 14 via pressure andheat, as depicted in block 1510, while simultaneously inflating the SMPapparatus 12 to compress the composite material 14 during the curingprocess, as depicted in 1512. In some embodiments of the invention, theinflation pressure may be provided via the inner mandrel tool 16 and theheat may be elevated to a composite curing temperature above T_(g). Theinflation of the SMP apparatus 12 may compress the composite material 14during the cure cycle, and compress the cured or uncured internalstiffeners 24 between the SMP apparatus 12 and the rigid external tool28. Additionally or alternatively, inflation of the SMP apparatus 12 mayapply pressure directly to one or more of the reinforcement inserts 26such that the reinforcement inserts 26 apply compression force directlyto portions of the internal stiffeners 24 positioned between thereinforcement inserts 26. The inflation of the SMP apparatus 12 may alsocompress the cured or uncured internal stiffeners 24 into the compositematerial 14 of the fuselage, thus co-bonding or co-curing the internalstiffeners 24 to the fuselage.

In another embodiment of the invention, a seal may be formed between therigid external tool 28 and the SMP apparatus 12 using mechanical seals,adhesive, or any known method for sealing peripheral portions of the SMPapparatus 12 to the rigid external tool 28. The rigid external tool 28may be vented to further enhance the differential pressure created byautoclave during curing of the composite material 14. This may eliminatethe need for an airtight seal with the inner mandrel tool 16. Note thatother methods of compressing the SMP apparatus 12 against the compositematerial 14 may be used without departing from the scope of theinvention. Furthermore, the heat and pressure differential describedherein may be provided by autoclave (not shown) or any other combinationof known heating and pressure techniques for fabricating compositeparts.

Once the composite material 14 is cured, the method 1500 may compriseremoving inflation pressure from within the SMP apparatus 12, asdepicted in block 1514, and extracting the SMP apparatus 12 out fromwithin the resulting fuselage, as depicted in block 1516. The SMPapparatus 12 may contract around the inner mandrel tool 16 once thepressure is removed, while the heat remains above T_(g). For example,vacuum may be applied from within the inner mandrel tool 16 to suctionthe SMP apparatus 12 back against the inner mandrel tool 16. Asillustrated in FIG. 12, the SMP apparatus 12 is thereby withdrawn awayfrom the cured composite material 14. Thus, extracting the inner mandreltool 16 from within the cured fuselage and internal stiffeners 24results in extraction of the SMP apparatus 12 which contracts againstthe inner mandrel tool 16 after inflation pressure is removed.

Finally, the method 1500 may comprise the steps of removing thereinforcement inserts 26 from the cured internal stiffeners 24, asdepicted in block 1518, and extracting the fuselage from the rigidexternal tool 28, as depicted in block 1520. For example, portions ofthe rigid external tool 28 may be mechanically disconnected from eachother, allowing the fuselage 15 and its integrated internal stiffeners24 to be lifted out of the rigid external tool 28.

In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the SMP apparatus 12 mayremain rigid during cure. For example, once the uncured compositematerial 14 is applied onto the SMP apparatus 12, they may both bevacuum bagged or sealed within a flexible, impermeable material (notshown) and cured. In this alternative embodiment, the cure temperatureof the composite material 14 may be less than the temperature T_(g) atwhich the SMP apparatus 12 begins to become malleable, such that the SMPapparatus 12 remains rigid throughout the cure cycle. So instead ofusing the SMP apparatus 12 as a bladder during cure, the SMP apparatus12 may remain rigid during cure, with compression force of the vacuumbag or impermeable material being used to co-cure or co-bond thecomposite material 14 of the fuselage and the internal stiffeners 24.Then, once the composite material 14 is cured, the vacuum bag may beremoved from around the resulting fuselage, and the temperature of theSMP apparatus 12 may be raised above T_(g) so that the SMP apparatus 12may be malleable and/or contract toward its memory shape to be removedfrom within the fuselage.

Fabricating Stiffeners with the SMP Apparatus

Another embodiment of the invention, as best illustrated in FIGS. 16-17,is a method of fabricating a stiffener 50, such as the internalstiffeners 24, described above, a frame, and/or a stringer. In thisembodiment of the invention, the method may be implemented using the SMPapparatus 12, a rigid molding tool 52, and an impermeable sheet ofmaterial 54 such as a vacuum bag to fabricate the stiffener, asillustrated in FIG. 16.

The SMP apparatus 12 illustrated in FIG. 16 may have the same traits andcharacteristics as the SMP apparatus 12 described for the embodiment ofthe invention illustrated in FIGS. 1-2. Furthermore, the SMP apparatus12 may be formed into a desired rigid tool configuration using anydesired method, such as the techniques described above. In someembodiments of the invention, the SMP apparatus 12 may be cast with amemory shape substantially corresponding to a desired shape or contourof at least one surface of the resulting stiffener 50. For example, ifthe stiffener 50 to be fabricated is a stringer with a trapezoidalcross-section, then the SMP apparatus 12 may be cast with a memory shapehaving a substantially trapezoidal cross-section. Alternatively, the SMPapparatus 12 may be cast into any elongated shape and may later beinserted into a hollow mold, heated, and inflated therein, then cooledand hardened into the shape provided by the hollow mold.

The rigid molding tool 52 may be similar or identical in functionalityand design to the rigid external tool 28 described above and may be madeof any material capable of remaining rigid during cure of the compositematerial 14, such as steel. Alternatively, the rigid molding tool 52 maybe made of an SMP material configured to remain rigid during cure of thecomposite material 14. For example, the rigid molding tool 52 could bethe SMP apparatus 12 illustrated in FIG. 10 a and the T_(g) of the SMPapparatus 12 illustrated in FIG. 16 may differ from the T_(g) of therigid molding tool 52 in this alternative embodiment of the invention.The rigid molding tool 52 may be configured to form at least one desiredouter surface of the stiffener. For example, the rigid molding tool 52may comprise a cavity 56 formed therein into which the uncured compositematerial 14 may be placed, forming at least one wall of the stiffener50. As illustrated in FIG. 16, the cavity 56 may be a trough with abottom and two side walls extending at non-90° angles from the bottom.

The impermeable sheet of material 54 may be a vacuum bag or any otherflexible, impermeable material which may be sealed to the rigid moldingtool 52 and/or the SMP apparatus 12. For example, the impermeable sheetof material 54 may be placed over the composite material 14 and sealedto the rigid molding tool 52, creating a substantially air-tight sealbetween impermeable sheet of material 54 and the rigid molding tool 52.The impermeable sheet of material 54 may also comprise a vacuum port(not shown) extending therethrough to allow for the evacuation andventing of air. When air is removed from between the rigid molding tool52 and the impermeable sheet of material 54, the impermeable sheet ofmaterial 54 may compress the composite material 14 placed therebetween.Additionally or alternatively, the SMP apparatus 12 may be pressurizedby autoclave and/or compressed gas, thus inflating the SMP apparatus 12toward the rigid molding tool 52 and the impermeable sheet of material54. Furthermore, a caul sheet (not shown) may be placed between theimpermeable sheet of material 54 and the composite material 14 to bettercontrol contour and surface finish of the composite material 14. Othercomposite bagging techniques known in the art may also be used hereinwithout departing from the scope of the invention.

In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the impermeable sheet ofmaterial 54 may be replaced with a permeable sheet of material which maybe placed over the composite material 14 and the SMP apparatus 12. Inthis embodiment of the invention, the permeable sheet of material may bephysically pressed toward the composite material 14 while pressure fromthe SMP apparatus 12 during cure compresses the composite material 14.In yet another alternative embodiment of the invention, the impermeablesheet of material 54 may be replaced with a rigid covering tool whichmay be permeable or impermeable and may be clamped, pressed toward, ormechanically fixed to the rigid molding tool 52 and over the compositematerial 14.

The flow chart of FIG. 17 depicts the steps of an exemplary method 1700for fabricating a composite stiffener using the SMP apparatus 12. Insome alternative implementations, the functions noted in the variousblocks may occur out of the order depicted in FIG. 17. For example, twoblocks shown in succession in FIG. 17 may in fact be executedsubstantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed inthe reverse order depending upon the functionality involved.

The method 1700 of fabricating the stiffener 50 using the SMP apparatus12 may comprise the steps of forming the SMP apparatus 12 into the rigidtool configuration, as depicted in block 1702, and then applying atleast a portion of the SMP apparatus 12 with the composite material 14,as depicted in block 1704. In some embodiments of the invention, therigid tool configuration of the SMP apparatus 12 may correspond with aninternal shape and/or angle of the stiffener 50 to be formed thereon. Inother embodiments of this invention, the material 14 may be placed ontoor wrapped onto the SMP apparatus 12 first, and then the SMP apparatus12 may be formed into the rigid tool configuration, using any moldingtechniques described herein or known in the art.

Then the method 1700 may comprise placing the SMP apparatus 12 appliedwith the composite material 14 into the cavity 56 of the rigid moldingtool 52, as depicted in block 1706. Alternatively, the compositematerial 14 may be laid in the cavity 56 of the rigid molding tool 52and then the SMP apparatus 12 in the rigid tool configuration may beplaced on top of the composite material 14 within the cavity 56 of therigid molding tool 52.

However, a number of techniques may be employed to place the compositematerial 14 in contact with the SMP apparatus 12, and to place both inthe cavity of the rigid molding tool 52, without departing from thescope of this invention. Furthermore, in some embodiments of theinvention, more than one SMP apparatus may be used to fabricate thestiffener 50. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 16, two SMPapparatuses 58,60 having the properties of the SMP apparatus 12, asdescribed above, are shaped or molded to support opposing surfaces ofthe composite material 14 to fabricate the stiffener 50 in a J-stringerconfiguration. Specifically, the stiffener 50 may be an elongatedstiffener having a substantially J-shaped cross-section. The compositematerial 14 may be positioned between the two SMP apparatuses 58,60 andthe rigid molding tool 52 as illustrated in FIG. 16 using hand lay-up orany other methods known in the art. Then, a skin laminate 62 may beplaced over the two SMP apparatuses 58,60, contacting a top end of thecomposite material 14 fabricating the J-shaped cross-section of thestiffener 50. In this embodiment of the invention, the skin laminate 62and the composite material 14 may be co-bonded together, as laterdescribed herein.

Therefore, in general, the method 1700 may comprise the step of placinganother layer of composite material or the skin laminate 62 over the SMPapparatus 12, contacting at least a portion of the composite material 14resting within the cavity 56 of the rigid molding tool 52, as depictedin block 1708. Next, the method may comprise placing the impermeablesheet of material 54 over the composite material 14 and/or the skinlaminate 62, as depicted in block 1710, and sealing the impermeablesheet of material 54 to the rigid molding tool 52, as depicted in block1712, thereby forming an airtight boundary around the composite material14. The airtight boundary may also be formed over and/or against the SMPapparatus 12, while leaving at least one vent opening (not shown) forthe SMP apparatus 12, such that space within the SMP apparatus 12remains exposed to atmosphere outward of the airtight boundary.

Then the method 1700 may comprise a step of inducing a pressuredifferential to urge the impermeable sheet of material 54 toward therigid molding tool 52, as depicted in block 1714. For example, this stepmay involve removing air from between the impermeable sheet of material54 and the rigid molding tool 52, such as by way of vacuum, which maypress the impermeable sheet of material 54 toward or against thecomposite material 14 and/or the skin laminate 62. Following orsimultaneous to the step depicted in block 1714, the method 1700 maycomprise the step of heating the composite material 14 and the SMPapparatus 12 to a temperature for curing the composite material 14, asdepicted in block 1716. The composite cure temperatures may be greaterthan T_(g), such that the SMP apparatus 12 may become malleable and maypush or inflate outward, pressing against the composite material 14. TheSMP apparatus 12 may therefore behave similar to an internal vacuum bag.Additionally or alternatively, gas or air pressure may be introducedinto the SMP apparatus to cause or assist its inflation outward forcompressing the composite material 14.

In some alternative embodiments of the invention, at least one of theSMP apparatuses 58,60 may be replaced with a rigid tool of the sameshape. In other alternative embodiments of the invention, both of theSMP apparatuses 58,60 may be replaced with rigid tools of the same shapeand the rigid molding tool 52 may be replaced with the SMP apparatus 12of FIG. 10 a. In general, any combination of SMP apparatuses and rigidmolding tools may be used to form the composite parts described anddepicted herein.

Once the composite material 14 is cured, the method may comprise thesteps of removing the impermeable sheet of material 54 from the rigidmolding tool 52, as depicted in block 1718. In some embodiments of theinvention, the method 1700 may also comprise either continuing to heator reapplying heat to the SMP apparatus 12, as depicted in block 1720,such that the SMP apparatus 12 may be contracted or otherwise urged awayfrom the cured stiffener 50. If gas or air pressure was introduced toassist in inflation of the SMP apparatus 12, this pressure may also beremoved. The SMP apparatus 12 may naturally contract back toward itsoriginal memory shape, remaining soft and malleable until cooled.Therefore, the method 1700 may include a step of removing the SMPapparatus 12 from the cured composite material 14 or stiffener 50 whileit is in its soft, malleable state, as depicted in block 1722.Alternatively, the SMP apparatus 12 may be contracted or urged away fromthe cured stiffener 50 while in its malleable state, but then cooled andhardened prior to being removed from within the cured stiffener 50.

Note that, once removed from the cured stiffener 50, the SMP apparatus12 may then be reconfigured into any desired rigid tool configurationwithin the strain limitations of the SMP apparatus 12 and reused to makeanother stiffener. In general, the SMP apparatus 12 is reconfigurableand reusable. Conversely, inner mandrel bags known in the art cannot bereused or do not offer the desired durability and are more prone tofailure. Inner mandrel bags also do not have the necessary stiffness tobe used as a lay-up tool for applying the composite material 14 thereto.Specifically, other types of mandrels used in traditionalstiffener-forming applications are often required to be cut out orwashed out of the cured stiffener and are therefore also not reusable.Advantageously, the SMP apparatus 12 may be used as both the rigidlay-up tool for composite material lay-up and as an internal bag orbladder during curing of the composite material 14, and may then beremoved and reused for multiple cycles.

Although the invention has been described with reference to thepreferred embodiment illustrated in the attached drawing figures, it isnoted that equivalents may be employed and substitutions made hereinwithout departing from the scope of the invention as recited in theclaims. For example, any instance of vacuum or inflation force beingapplied inward or outward of the SMP apparatus 12, as described herein,is merely exemplary and can be replaced with any techniques known in theart for creating a pressure differential capable of urging the SMPapparatus 12 toward a desired mold and/or composite material 12.Additionally, while various shapes, configurations, and tooling havebeen described herein to shape the SMP apparatus 12 into a desired rigidtool configuration, note that any mold or combination of molds and rigidtooling may be used to define a shape of the SMP apparatus 12 using oneor more of the method steps described herein.

Furthermore, though the Figures and example embodiments provided hereindescribe fabricating composite parts for aircrafts, the forming toolsand methods described herein may be used to fabricate composite partsfor automobiles, boats, sporting goods, and the like without departingfrom the scope of the invention.

Having thus described various embodiments of the invention, what isclaimed as new and desired to be protected by Letters Patent includesthe following:
 1. A method of removing a shape memory polymer (SMP)apparatus from within a cured composite part, the method comprising:triggering the SMP apparatus from a rigid state to a malleable state;inducing a pressure differential that drives the SMP apparatus, in themalleable state, away from the cured composite part and toward an innermandrel tool, wherein the inner mandrel tool comprises: an outer surfacehaving varying contours such that a surface area of the outer surface isgreat enough to prevent the SMP apparatus from folding over onto itselfor creasing when driven toward the inner mandrel tool, wherein a maximumstraight line distance between points on the outer surface is smallenough to allow the inner mandrel tool clearance for removal from thecured composite part; and removing the inner mandrel tool with the SMPapparatus resting thereon out of the cured composite part.
 2. The methodof claim 1, wherein the outer surface has holes formed therethrough,wherein the step of inducing a pressure differential comprises applyingvacuum via the holes to drive the SMP apparatus, in its malleable state,toward the outer surface.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the step ofinducing a pressure differential comprises forcing air or gas throughports formed in a rigid external tool to which the SMP apparatus issealed.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the inner mandrel tool furthercomprises a pressurization system configured for forcing a pressurizedgas through the holes for forming the SMP apparatus or consolidating thecomposite part during cure.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein thevarying contours comprise a plurality of protrusions and at least someof the protrusions are elongated, sinusoidal-shaped protrusionsextending length-wise along the outer surface of the inner mandrel tool.6. The method of claim 1, wherein the varying contours are configured toprovide at least one of axial and hoop strain to the SMP apparatus, inits malleable state, when the SMP apparatus is driven toward the innermandrel tool.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the inner mandrel toolis substantially cylindrical, with a radius “r” and a length “L”,wherein a total surface area of the outer surface is greater than2π*r*L, due to the varying contours of the outer surface.
 8. The methodof claim 1, further comprising: sealing peripheral portions of the SMPapparatus to end portions or peripheral portions of the inner mandreltool; and inflating the SMP apparatus in a direction away from the innermandrel tool when the SMP apparatus is in the malleable state, prior tothe step of inducing the pressure differential that drives the SMPapparatus toward the inner mandrel tool.
 9. A method of removing a shapememory polymer (SMP) apparatus from within a cured composite part, themethod comprising: triggering the SMP apparatus from a rigid state to amalleable state; inducing a pressure differential that urges the SMPapparatus away from an inner mandrel tool when the SMP apparatus is inthe malleable state; triggering the SMP apparatus from the malleablestate to the rigid state; applying composite material onto the SMPapparatus in the rigid state; curing the composite material into thecured composite part; inducing a pressure differential that drives theSMP apparatus, in the malleable state, away from the cured compositepart and toward the inner mandrel tool, wherein the inner mandrel toolcomprises: a wall with an outer surface and an inner surface, whereinthe outer surface comprises varying contours, such that a surface areaof the outer surface is great enough to prevent the SMP apparatus fromfolding over onto itself or creasing when driven toward the innermandrel tool, wherein a maximum cross-sectional area of the wall issmall enough to allow the inner mandrel tool clearance for removal fromthe cured composite part; and removing the inner mandrel tool with theSMP apparatus resting thereon out of the cured composite part.
 10. Themethod of claim 9, wherein the wall has holes formed therethrough,wherein the step of inducing a pressure differential comprises applyingvacuum via the holes of the wall to drive the SMP apparatus, in itsmalleable state, toward the outer surface of the wall.
 11. The method ofclaim 9, wherein the step of inducing a pressure differential comprisesforcing air or gas through ports formed in a rigid external tool towhich the SMP apparatus is sealed.
 12. The method of claim 10, whereinthe inner mandrel tool further comprises a pressurization systemconfigured for forcing a pressurized gas through the holes in the wall.13. The method of claim 9, wherein at least some of the varying contoursare elongated, sinusoidal-shaped protrusions extending length-wise alongthe outer surface of the wall.
 14. The method of claim 9, wherein thevarying contours are configured to provide at least one of axial andhoop strain to the SMP apparatus, in its malleable state, when the SMPapparatus is driven toward the inner mandrel tool.
 15. The method ofclaim 9, wherein the wall is substantially cylindrical, with a radius“r” and a length “L”, wherein a total surface area of the outer surfaceis greater than 2π*r*L, due to the protrusions extending from the outersurface.
 16. The method of claim 9, further comprising: sealingperipheral portions of the SMP apparatus to end portions or peripheralportions of the inner mandrel tool prior to the step of inflating theSMP apparatus.
 17. A method of removing a shape memory polymer (SMP)apparatus from within a cured composite part, the method comprising:triggering the SMP apparatus from a rigid state to a malleable state;inducing a pressure differential that drives the SMP apparatus, in themalleable state, away from the cured composite part and toward an innermandrel tool, wherein the inner mandrel tool comprises: an outer surfacehaving varying contours such that a surface area of the outer surface isgreat enough to prevent the SMP apparatus from folding over onto itselfor creasing when driven toward the inner mandrel tool, wherein a maximumstraight line distance between points on the outer surface is smallenough to allow the inner mandrel tool clearance for removal from thecured composite part, wherein the varying contours comprise protrusions,wherein at least some of the protrusions are elongated,sinusoidal-shaped protrusions having a staggered configuration relativeto each other and extending length-wise along the outer surface of theinner mandrel tool; and removing the inner mandrel tool with the SMPapparatus resting thereon out of the cured composite part.
 18. Themethod of claim 17, wherein the outer surface has holes formedtherethrough, wherein the step of inducing a pressure differentialcomprises applying vacuum via the holes to drive the SMP apparatus, inits malleable state, toward the outer surface.
 19. The method of claim17, wherein the step of inducing a pressure differential comprisesforcing air or gas through ports formed in a rigid external tool towhich the SMP apparatus is sealed.
 20. The method of claim 18, whereinthe inner mandrel tool further comprises a pressurization systemconfigured for forcing a pressurized gas through the holes for formingthe SMP apparatus or consolidating the composite part during cure. 21.The method of claim 17, wherein the varying contours are configured toprovide at least one of axial and hoop strain to the SMP apparatus, inits malleable state, when the SMP apparatus is driven toward the innermandrel tool.
 22. The method of claim 17, wherein the inner mandrel toolis substantially cylindrical, with a radius “r” and a length “L”,wherein a total surface area of the outer surface is greater than2π*r*L, due to the varying contours of the outer surface.
 23. The methodof claim 17, further comprising: sealing peripheral portions of the SMPapparatus to end portions or peripheral portions of the inner mandreltool; and inflating the SMP apparatus in a direction away from the innermandrel tool when the SMP apparatus is in the malleable state, prior tothe step of inducing the pressure differential that drives the SMPapparatus toward the inner mandrel tool.